Zinthu zomwe sizili bwino pakuyendetsa zamakono zimatchedwazotetezera, ndipo insulators amatchedwanso dielectrics.

Iwo ali kwambiri resistivity.Tanthauzo la insulator: Zinthu zomwe siziyendetsa magetsi mosavuta zimatchedwa

zotetezera.Palibe malire mtheradi pakatizotetezerandi kondakitala.

Mawonekedwe

Makhalidwe a ma insulators ndikuti ma charger abwino ndi oyipa mu mamolekyu amakhala omangidwa mwamphamvu,

ndipo pali tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kuyenda momasuka.Mphamvu ya macroscopic yopangidwa ndi

kusuntha kumaonedwa kuti ndi chinthu chopanda conductive.

Conductivity

Ma conductivity a insulator amatsimikiziridwa ndi khalidwe la ma electron mu chinthu.Khalidwe la

ma elekitironi mu kristalo zimadalira dongosolo mphamvu gulu.Chinthu chokhala ndi mayendedwe opanda kanthu

band ndi gulu lonse la valence ndi insulator.Kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa pansi pa bandi yowongolera

ndi pamwamba pa gulu la valence (gulu Pamene kusiyana mphamvu ndi lalikulu, si kuchititsa magetsi pansi

nthawi zonse magetsi.Pakuti zinthu ndi mipata yaing'ono mphamvu, ngakhale insulators pamene kutentha

ndi otsika, kutentha kumawonjezeka, ma elekitironi a gulu la valence amasangalala ndi gulu loyendetsa, ndipo

adzayendetsanso magetsi.Komanso, pamene ma elekitironi kapena mabowo pa zonyansa mlingo mu gulu kusiyana ndi

itasangalala ndi bandi yoyendetsa kapena gulu la valence, idzayendetsanso magetsi.

Mphamvu yamagetsi

Ma insulators olimba amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: crystalline ndi amorphous.The insulator kwenikweni si kwathunthu

osayendetsa.Pansi pa ntchito yamphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi, ndalama zabwino ndi zoipa mkati mwa insulator

adzamasuka ndikukhala zolipiritsa zaulere, ndipo ntchito yotsekereza idzawonongeka.Chodabwitsa ichi ndi

amatchedwa kuwonongeka kwa dielectric.Mphamvu yapamwamba yamagetsi yomwe chinthu cha dielectric chingapirire chimatchedwa

mwayi wapakatikati.